Using Death Row Inmates For Medical Research Essay examples

Katelyn Morgan ENG 111 Shores October, 2012 Using Death Row Inmates For Medical Research Due to animal testing, one animal dies in a laboratory in the United States every second, in Japan every two seconds and in the United Kingdom every twelve seconds. Billions of non-human animals have been burnt, crushed, sliced, electrocuted, poisoned with toxic chemicals, and psychologically tormented because of medical research. Alternatives for these experiments have shown to be less expensive and can be used repeatedly. We are in desperate need of reliable medical research. Why not experiment and receive more accurate finding for our medical needs? Why not use people who didn’t think twice about giving up their so-called human-rights when†¦show more content†¦During testing, it was shown to decrease this rate. Companies â€Å"claim† they carry out animal testing to establish the safety of their products beyond doubts. Their â€Å"main reason† to continue their horrific experiments on defenseless animals is to protect overall human health. It does not seem completely logically to test human products and inject human diseases in animals that often are not resulting in the accurate results society depends upon. What better way to determine what effects a drug will have on a human than by testing it on a human? Death Row Inmates who have been proven guilty of their heinous crime should have to partake in a service to improve humanity since they are no longer a productive member of society. According to the 8th Amendment to the United States Constitution, we as the people prohibit the federal government from imposing excessive bail, excessive fines or cruel and unusual punishment. There are particularly four principles by which we may determine whether a punishment is â€Å"cruel and unusual.† The four principles are as follows: Degrading to human dignity, especially torture; inflicted in wholly arbitrary fashion, in other words, given for no legitimate reason; rejected throughout society; patently unnecessary. Since medical testing on animals still exists, it looks as though it is done for a legitimate reason and purpose, it is still not rejected throughout our entire society to compl etely ban the procedures, and it is apparent that the testsShow MoreRelatedEssay about Organ Transplants for Prisoners1411 Words   |  6 PagesIn the article â€Å"Wanted, Dead or Alive? Kidney Transplants in Inmates Awaiting Execution†, Jacob M. 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Identity Works Relevance For Understanding Contemporary Work

Identity Work’s relevance for understanding contemporary work and organising: - Shifting towards a modern organisational identity: - In order to understand identity work, we need to understand the changing role of organisational identity in contemporary organisation. Marx, Weber Durkheim observed a shift from agricultural and craftwork to factory and office based work (Barley Kunda, 2001). A shift from a more physical blue-collar labour to an office based white collar took place. Whilst computers and other technologies have eliminated different kinds of work, they have also created new ones and have transformed a significant portion of others, for example in IT industry (Barley 1988, Adler 1992). There are new struggles in the workplace ¬, such as new identity intensive issues such as feminisation of managerial roles, the shifting meaning of professionalism and internationalisation of business activity. The increased number of women occupying managerial and professional positions, traditionally taken by men, has changed the former taken-for-granted meaning of managerial identity (Alvesson Willmott, 2002). Tak ing all of these identity changes in account, Barley and Kunda suggest that the nature of work and organisation studies are interdependent (Barley Kunda 2001), therefore, contemporary organisational theorists are forced to adapt to the change in the nature of work. Defining and Conceptualising Identity Work: - Identity work is the process of forming,Show MoreRelatedANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 PagesAny literary work is unique. It is created by the author in accordance with his vision and is permeated with his idea of the world. The reader’s interpretation is also highly individual and depends to a great extent on his knowledge and personal experience. That’s why one cannot lay down a fixed â€Å"model† for a piece of critical appreciation. Nevertheless, one can give information and suggestions that may prove helpful. PLOT The Elements of Plot When we refer to the plot of a work of fiction, thenRead More Transcending Herbert Marcuse on Alienation, Art and the Humanities4411 Words   |  18 Pageslearning to art, political education to human flourishing? Philosophers from Confucius and Aristotle to John Dewey and Paulo Freire have investigated, as the axial human problem, how education is to help us in accomplishing our own humanization. The contemporary search for a genuinely critical theory and an authentically democratic society continues that project. But what can make theory critical, education liberating, society democratic? It is necessary to theorize our society critically if we areRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesISBN: 0−390−58539−4 Text: Effective Behavior in Organizations, Seventh Edition Cohen Harvard Business Review Finance Articles The Power of Management Capital Feigenbaum−Feigenbaum International Management, Sixth Edition Hodgetts−Luthans−Doh Contemporary Management, Fourth Edition Jones−George Driving Shareholder Value Morin−Jarrell Leadership, Fifth Edition Hughes−Ginnett−Curphy The Art of M A: Merger/Acquisitions/Buyout Guide, Third Edition Reed−Lajoux and others . . . This book was

Foreign Exchange Research & Trading Report †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Foreign Exchange Research and Trading Report. Answer: Introduction Foreign Exchange rate can be defined as the rate at which the currency of one country may be transformed into the currency of another country (Moosa Bhatti, 2010). It is considered as one of the most important means which assists in determining the relative level of the economic health of a country. The foreign exchange rate provides a window to the economic stability of a country. The fluctuations in exchange rates re caused daily with the changes in market forces of demand and supply of the currencies from one county to another. This report focuses on the factors that have an influence on the value of exchange rate such as the supply and demand, inflation and deflation, interest rates and money supply policy, balance of payments, asset prices and politics and war (Block, Hirt Danielsen, 2011). This report also discusses the management of the value of Chinese Yuan (CNY) by Peoples Bank of China (PBOC) along with the opinion regarding the future direction of PBOC policy. Factors having greatest influence on the value of Exchange Rates Following are the factors that have the greatest influence on the value of exchange rates. Supply and Demand The forces of demand and supply have a great influence on the determination of exchange rates (Levi, 2009). The value of a currency is expected to increase when there is high demand for that currency in comparison with the currency for which there is less demand (Gabaix Maggiori, 2015). The value of a currency is declined in comparison with other currency when the holders of such currency have a desire of disposing it in exchange for other currencies. The detection of opportunity in a particular currency by the market participants, either for higher investment returns or direct appreciation, results in the increase in demand for that currency (Corsetti Lloyd, 2016). This in turn will lead to currency appreciation as the purchasers will outbid on another. When such an opportunity is moved to another currency/ country, first currency holders sell their currency for obtaining the currency associated with new opportunity. The fall and rise of the exchange rate depend on the basic econo mic conditions that prompt investors, traders and others to obtain more of a specific currency (Metcalf, 2018). For example, in 1971, there was upward float in the exchange rate and then a downwards float against all the foremost currencies until the year 1976. One of the main reason behind this depreciation was a rapid demand expansion in the UK. Inflation and Deflation Inflation can be defined as the rate at which there is an increase in the general level of prices of goods and services (Hart, 2009). The variations in the inflation rate have short term and long term implications for the foreign exchange market. The value of the currency increases with the fall in inflation rate of a country. Lower inflation also results in slower rate of increase in the prices of goods and services. Rising currency value is exhibited by the country having a consistent lower inflation rate whereas depreciation in the currency is witnessed by the country with higher inflation rate (Weale, Blake, Christodoulakis, Meade Vines, 2015). In other words, cost of production is increased due to inflation which subsequently results in the increase in prices for goods which in turn leads to less competitive exports. This further leads to fall in exports thereby weakening the domestic currency. High signs of inflation have the capability of bringing an increase in the domestic currency due to the anticipation of traders regarding the possibility of slowing down of inflation by increasing interest rates attempted by the local central bank. Deflation, on the other hand, is considered as the symbol of economic depression and is complemented by a weaker currency and lower interest rates (Frenkel Johnson, 2013). For example, UK suffered from the peak of inflation in the late 1970s and early 1980s. For a very long time, the value of pound has been weak in comparison with dollar which is depreciating since the preceding 116 years by an annual rate of 1 percent. This depreciation is considered to be a result of the higher inflation rate in Britain which resulted in degrading the purchasing power of the pound by a minuscule 0.22 percent every year. Interest Rates and Money Supply Policy The official monitory policy of a country sets the interest rates which have a great influence on the exchange rates (Bodenstein, Erceg Guerrieri, 2017). The level of economic activity is influenced by the Central banks along with the influencing the behavior of lenders and borrowers in their currency by fluctuating the interest rates. The rate of foreign exchange, inflation and interest rates are correlated. The dollar exchange rate and currency value is affected as a result of changes in interest rates. Appreciation in the currency of a country is witnessed when there is an increase in the interest rates. This is due to the fact that higher interest rates provide higher rates to the lenders which in turn attract larger foreign capital and lead to a rise in the exchange rates. The hunt for best possible returns by the foreign investors leads to the attraction of larger investment funds to the country and this leads to the strengthening of the currency due to higher interest rates. Moreover, the official monetary policy in eased and the interest rates are lowered when the central bank views the economy as sluggish. This in turn weakens the country currency. Moreover, the increase in the money supply reduces the interest rates which further leads to a reduction in the exchange rates. For example, a rise in the UK interest rates was witnessed during the mid- 1970s, without any equivalent increase in the interest rates in US, the difference is accounted for by a discount on sterling. From 1973 to 1976, it was expected that there will be a substantial depreciation in sterling and therefore, the interest rates of UK were required to be in excess of US rates by an equal margin. Balance of Payments Balance of payments (BOP) can be defined as the summary of all the international transactions of a country in a specific period of time (Stern, 2017). When the exports of a country are more than its imports then it is known as trade surplus. Moreover, when the imports of a country are more than its exports then it is known as trade deficit. A country has firmer currency in cases when the exports are more than the imports in comparison with the country which is involved in more importing. Changes in the balance of payments of a country cause variations in the exchange rate. More foreign receipts are generated in a country having a trade surplus than the foreign debts. For the purpose of conversion of these foreign receipts into the local currency, the requirement arises for selling the foreign currencies and purchasing the local currency. This purchasing of the local currency is in excess of the sale made by the importers exchanging their funds into foreign currencies for paying for t heir purchases. The value in comparison with other currencies is lifted as a result of excess demand for the domestic currency. There are two interrelated and different markets at work: the demand and supply of a particular currency (exchange rate) and the market for the international markets financial transactions (balance of payments). The exchange rate is not impacted by the balance of payments in a fixed- rate system as the currency flows is adjusted by the central banks for offsetting the exchange of funds internationally. For example, a deficit on the current account balance of payments was faced by UK throughout the 1950s and 60s. Trade deficit was considered as the major economic problem faced by UK. For the purpose of financing the current account deficit, the use of capital flows or diminishing foreign exchange reserves were required. This along with several other factors resulted in the devaluation of sterling in the year 1967. From $2.80 to $2.40 which was a devaluation of nearly 14%. Asset Prices The prices of the assets also have an influence on the foreign exchange rate. Assets comprise of items such as equities, bonds and real estate (industrial, commercial and residential). In cases, where a buoyant market is enjoyed by assets in a particular country, the chances of the attraction of international investment managers are increased for the purpose of maximizing their returns (Andersen, Bollerslev, Diebold Vega, 2007). The buying of local currency will significantly increase due to relatively high returns as there is a flow of foreign funds into the better performing assets. When the rates are increased by the central bank (returns increase and the prices of asset prices fall), there is an appreciation in the currency due to the attraction of the investors towards it (Cooper, 2014). There is a relationship between the general trend of the currency and the return on assets: the increased risk taking among people leads to the depreciation in the low- yielding currencies. For example, the financial markets of the US faced financial market movements of an average of over 25% of euro area during the year 1989- 2004, whereas 8% of the variance of asset prices of US were accounted for by euro area markets. Politics and Wars The currency strength of a country is also affected by political stability, economic performance and proneness to wars (MacDonald, 2007). Foreign investors are more attracted to a country which suffers from less risk for political turmoil. This in turn draws the investment away from the countries prone to more political and economic risk. In other words, the currency market participants does not like risk and uncertainty, especially political uncertainty as it has the capability of causing unintended consequences which are not priced in by the investors and traders at the commencement (Quinn Weymouth, 2016). The value of the local currency of the country is appreciated as a result of increase in the foreign capital. When the financial and trade policy of a country is sound, there is no uncertainty in the currencys value. However, depreciation in the exchange rates of a country can be witnessed when such a country is prone to political confusions. The fluctuations in the exchange rat es are caused by terrorist attacks and wars which leads the investors towards seeking the safest place for their money (Suleman Berka, 2017). For example, before the start of the First World War, every 1 was worth under $5. The pound was weakened as a result of Napoleonic wars which are considered as one of the exceptional period which led to the temporary spiking up of the pound to $10. The First World War resulted in the suspended gold standard and the war imposed financial burden on the sterling which made it sink to $3.66 (Connington, 2016). Management of Value of CNY by PBOC and Future Direction of PBOC Policy Unlike the international trade partners of China who allow free floating of the value of their currencies against others, the currency policy of China is strictly controlled where the trading activity is controlled and the daily movements of the yuan is regulated by China on the foreign exchange market. For the purpose of taming the economic instability, Peoples Bank of China (PBOC) fixed the exchange rate at slightly higher than 8 yuan to the US dollar and maintained it until 2005 when the currency policy was moved towards liberalization by the introduction of a narrow trading band. The trading band was allowed to be widened in the past decade by the Chinese government starting at +/- 0.3% and finally reaching +/- 2% by March 2014 (FXCM, 2016). The Peoples Bank of China has maintained strict rules for banks and individuals holding foreign currency. This is the reason due to which the currency is not yet considered to be fully convertible. Investors are required to sell their dollars or foreign currency directly to the Peoples Bank of China when they want to exchange it for yuan so that it can be incorporated by PBOC into the foreign reserves of the country. The portion of the reserves of China is used for the purpose of influencing the value of yuan through the interventions in the foreign exchange market. The foreign currency reserves are sold in the market by PBOC for strengthening yuan. When the currency of the country is required to be weakened PBOC makes the use of its local currency for buying foreign currency. In case where interference is required, the government can make the use of interbank market for buying or selling the currency, where the PBOC designated foreign exchange banks are maintained for operating on i ts behalf for spot market transactions. The Peoples Bank of China also has instruments such as derivative contracts at its disposal for influencing the value of the currency and market. PBOC has used some of these instruments for bringing sophistication in the management of foreign reserves and currency rates. These instruments are used as it does not require PBOC to sell dollar supplies immediately and is therefore advantageous. This further leads to slowing down of the depletion of Chinas reserves thereby maintaining market confidence in its ability for intervening in the future. After the liberalization of currency policy in the year 2005, higher interest rates had been maintained by PBOC. However, in the year 2014, the local interest rates were eased by PBOC for the purpose of counteracting the slowing economy. The foreign currency inflows were discouraged into the economy as a result of rate easing thereby leading to the pressure for the weakening of yuan. The currency rate of China is currently maintained within a controlled band that varies in accordance with the market demand. PBOC is said to prefer near-term levels of currency by way of its interbank foreign exchange system. Mid-price is used by PBOC for guiding the daily fixing of the exchange rate of yuan against dollar on the basis of the previous closing price of yuan against US dollar. The Peoples Bank of China has allowed the exchange rate to fall or rise up to 2% on daily basis from official midpoint (South China Morning Post, 2017). The power of the Chinese currency is a result of its exports made to America. The payment for the exports is received in dollars by the Chinese companies from the United States. The dollars are deposited by such companies into the banks in exchange for yuan for the purpose of making payment to their employees. The dollars are then send to PBOC by the banks. It is then stockpiled into the foreign exchange reserves which in turn cause a reduction in the supply of dollars available for trade (Yu, 2014). This results in rising of the dollars value and falling of yuans value. Dollars are utilized by PBOC for purchasing U.S Treasures (Amadeo, 2017). The regime used for the management of yuan has now been changed by Peoples Bank of China by way of removing a component utilized for the purpose of calculating their submissions to the daily reference rate of the currency. Counter- cyclical factor has been introduced by China for reducing the fluctuations in yuan initiating the introduction of capital controls. This led to better control of PBOC over yuan but weakened the efforts made earlier for making yuan more market driven and accessible (Bloomberg, 2018). The future direction of the PBOC policy is highlighted by the signals as to future reforms of the financial signals of the country and the direction of the monetary policy. Yi Gang, the Deputy Governor of PBOC, referred to the repeated reference of the central government to stability in the monetary policy and creation of an external environment that is capable of stably proceeding financial reforms and preventing risk. The deputy governor of Peoples Bank of China has also signified that PBOC will continue its managed floating exchange rate framework for keeping the stability in yuan currency. The framework will be based on the demand and supply and the value of yuan against a basket of currencies. The yuan exchange rate is expected to be further liberalized in order to maintain the stable position of yuan in the global monetary system. (Reuters, 2017) Conclusion Foreign exchange is the rate at which the currency of one country may be transformed into the currency of another country. this report assists in concluding that there are a number of factors which influences the value of exchange rate including demand and supply, interest rate and money supply policy, inflation and deflation, balance of payments, asset prices and politics and wars, etc. (James, Marsh Sarno, 2012). Moreover, this report focused on the management of Chinese Yuan (CNY) by Peoples Bank of China (PBOC) along with the opinion regarding the future direction of PBOC policy. Therefore, it can be concluded that the maintenance of strict rules by PBOC has resulted in stable position of yuan. Moreover, steps are being taken to maintain this stability of yuan in the global monetary system with the help of floating exchange rate framework. References Amadeo, K. (2017). How Does China Influence the U.S. Dollar?. Retrieved March 21, 2018 from https://www.thebalance.com/how-does-china-influence-the-u-s-dollar-3970466 Andersen, T. G., Bollerslev, T., Diebold, F. X., Vega, C. (2007). Real-time price discovery in global stock, bond and foreign exchange markets.Journal of international Economics,73(2), 251-277. Block, S. B., Hirt, G. A. Danielsen, B. R. (2011). Foundations of financial management. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Bloomberg. (2018). China Changes the Way It Manages Yuan After Currency's Jump. Retrieved March 21, 2018 from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-09/china-is-said-to-shift-way-it-manages-yuan-after-currency-s-jump Bodenstein, M., Erceg, C. J., Guerrieri, L. (2017). The effects of foreign shocks when interest rates are at zero.Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'conomique,50(3), 660-684. Connington, J. 2016. From $5 to $1.22: the 200-year journey of the pound against the dollar. Retrieved March 21, 2018 from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/money/special-reports/from-5-to-122-the-200-year-journey-of-the-pound-against-the-doll/ Cooper, R. N. (2014). Exchange rate choices. Corsetti, G., Lloyd, S. P. (2016). Demand and Real Exchange Rate Determination in Open Economies: Foundations of Misalignments and Global Imbalances. Frenkel, J. A. Johnson, H. G. (2013). The Economics of Exchange Rates (Collected Works of Harry Johnson): Selected Studies. Routledge. FXCM. (2016). How Does China Control Exchange Rates?. Retrieved March 21, 2018 from https://www.fxcm.com/insights/how-does-china-control-exchange-rates/ Gabaix, X., Maggiori, M. (2015). International liquidity and exchange rate dynamics.The Quarterly Journal of Economics,130(3), 1369-1420. Hart, J. (2009). How Inflation Works. The Rosen Publishing Group. James, J., Marsh, I. Sarno, L. (2012). Handbook of Exchange Rates. John Wiley Sons. Levi, M. D. (2009). International Finance 5th Edition. Routledge. MacDonald, R. (2007). Exchange Rate Economics: Theories and Evidence. Psychology Press. Metcalf, T. (2018). The Effect of Supply Demand on the Rate of Exchange. Retrieved March 21, 2018 from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/effect-supply-demand-rate-exchange-67467.html Moosa, I. A. Bhatti, R. H. (2010). The Theory and Empirics of Exchange Rates. World Scientific. Quinn, D. P., Weymouth, S. (2016). The Political Origins of Exchange Rate Valuations. Reuters. (2017). China to maintain exchange rate policy framework - central bank deputy governor. Retrieved March 21, 2018 from https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-china-economy-exchange-rate/china-to-maintain-exchange-rate-policy-framework-central-bank-deputy-governor-idUSKBN16D0SH South China Morning Post. (2017). Why the PBOC has changed the way it computes the yuans daily midpoint. Retrieved March 21, 2018 from https://www.scmp.com/business/banking-finance/article/2072973/why-pboc-has-changed-way-it-computes-yuans-daily-midpoint Stern, R. (2017).Balance of Payments: Theory and Economic Policy. Routledge. Suleman, T., Berka, M. (2017). Political Risk, Exchange Rate Return and Volatility. Weale, M., Blake, A., Christodoulakis, N., Meade, J. E., Vines, D. (2015).Macroeconomic policy: inflation, wealth and the exchange rate(Vol. 8). Routledge. Yu, Y. (2014). Revisiting the Internationalization of the Yuan. InReform of the International Monetary System(pp. 107-129). Springer, Tokyo.

Through Generational Relationships One Young Haitian Woman Comes To Te

Through generational relationships one young Haitian woman comes to terms with her country, her mother, and her own identity. In Breath, Eyes, Memory author Edwidge Danticat portrays the relationships between three generations of women as the roots that help them learn to survive many strifling adversities. Danticat's heroine is Sophie, who has spent a happy childhood in Haiti with her grandmother and her beloved aunt, who raised her as their own child. Sophie lives with her relatives until her mother who lives in New York sends for her and forces Sophie to leave the only home and family she knows and begin a new life in a strange country with a mother she hardly remembers. As Sophie overcomes her initial fears and becomes closer to her mother, she learns that her mother has for many years been tormented by the memories of the anonymous man--Sophie's father--who violently raped her when she was a teenager; this has brought upon verges of terror and guilt on Sophie which makes life un bearable to cope. Sophie elopes with an older man and has a baby to make a new life, but even so she still suffers from the haunting emotional problems brought on her by her mother. In an attempt to come to terms with her past and her family, she takes her infant daughter to Haiti, and there the generations of women finally come to understand one another, and while life tragically ends for Sophie's mother, Sophie is able to go back to her American life with a new strength. The whole plot was motivated by conflict. There are many instances of conflict in this story. One example of conflict is between Sophie's love for her aunt and her loyalty to her biological mother during her move to New York. Sophie wanted to stay with the family she loved but she knew she should go to the mother who gave birth to her. Another example of conflict in the story is between Sophie's mother and her horrible past. Her mother is constantly haunted by her past, and though she tries to live peacefully, her past eventually draws her to take her own life. One more example of conflict is between Sophie and her mother when she lives in New York. She loves her mom, but she can't stand to live with the emotional stress her mom puts upon her. Conflict as well as setting has helped the reader further understand this story. The setting helps the reader to better understand the story in many instances. One example of the role of the setting is when Sophie is walking down the common streets of Haiti with her grandmother. The reader gets the feeling that there is warm love between the families because the houses in Haiti are placed close together which creates warm cooperation and love between the families. Another example of setting influence occurs when Sophie faces trouble and confusion in moving from warm Haiti to confusing New York City. Because Sophie is moving from the warm setting of her small Haitian home to a large and bustling town, the reader feels the large conflict that lay ahead in her life. One more example of setting influence is when Sophie leaves her troubling life in New York to find relief in her comforting Haitian home. The reader views New York as big, advanced, and full of trouble and views Haiti as having warm family communities. This helps the reader understand why Sophie has a ne ed to retreat from troublesome New York back to her Haitian home. The settings in this story have played a big part in helping the reader to better enjoy the story. The use of Haitian dialect that was tied in with the English was a very affective way to portray the culture. The vocabulary of this book was adequate and enjoyable to an average to above average level of reading. A reader of these levels would not have to keep stopping to look up words in a dictionary. The dialogue used especially by the grandmother and the aunt showed their Haitian culture as well as their lack of education. In an over-all view I would say that I thought this book was